What is SKU? How to create SKU?

Whether you’ve got a massive inventory or a small one, an SKU system is what keeps everything in place and helps your operations run efficiently. However, not everyone knows the ins and outs of SKUs, and it can be easy to mistake SKUs with other identification numbers, such as UPCs (Universal Product Codes) or GTINs (Global Trade Identification Numbers).

What is SKU?

SKU is a unique identification code assigned to each product a business sells, known as a Stock Keeping Unit. The SKU code helps distinguish one product from another. For example, a single SKU for a type of T-shirt isn’t enough. Each variation of the product, like different colors and sizes, requires its own unique SKU.

These distinct codes ensure that employees, customers, suppliers, and systems are all referring to the same item. In some cases, retailers may also call SKUs product codes or manufacturer part numbers. SKUs aren’t just for physical products; businesses can assign them to other items as well, such as warranties.

What is an example of a SKU?

An example of an SKU could be something like this: TSHIRT-RED-LG.

Here’s the breakdown:

• TSHIRT: This indicates the product type (a T-shirt).
• RED: This specifies the color variation (red).
• LG: This refers to the size (large).

So, this SKU would represent a large red T-shirt. If there were other colors or sizes, each would have a unique SKU like TSHIRT-BLUE-SM for a small blue T-shirt, ensuring each product variation is clearly tracked.

Where do SKUs come from?

It’s crucial to understand where SKUs come from, as it’s one of the most distinct differences between SKU and other identification numbers. A rule of thumb is that SKUs come from you—the retailer. Retailers create SKUs for internal product management, and the SKUs created may be used by another brand to identify the products, but they are not universal product code of any means.

UPC, GTINs, EAN, and other types of unique product identifiers come from the manufacturer. As a manufacturer, you’re responsible for purchasing UPC/GTINs generated by central agencies and printing them as unique labels and barcodes for your products. These unique product codes can be used as SKUs by retailers, but since UPC numbers are long and make product management harder, this is not a best practice, and retailers should choose their own SKUs instead.

SKUs, UPCs, GTINs, and barcodes

Because these identification methods share some similarities, it can be easy to mistake one for another.

Usually located at the top of barcodes, SKUs are retailer-specific identification codes, while UPC/GTIN are universal product numbers which can be used by any retailer. These universal product numbers are unique, and the same product sold by different retailers will have the same GTIN/UPC but varying SKUs. 

And regarding barcodes, they’re simply graphical representations of numbers or of combinations of numbers and character, which is why a barcode can be made for any of the identifiers we’ve discussed. However, the barcodes that you see pre-printed on products are almost always UPC, GTIN, or other types of unique product identifiers.

Types of SKU

There are several types of SKUs, including:

1. Simple SKU: This is the most basic type of SKU, identifying a single product without considering variations such as color or size. For example, a simple SKU could be “T-SHIRT-004” for a specific t-shirt model.

2. SKU with Attributes: This type includes additional details about product attributes, such as size, color, and style. An example would be “T-SHIRT-L-BLU-004,” which specifies that the t-shirt is large and blue.

3. Combined SKU: Used for products sold in bundles or packages, combined SKUs identify specific combinations of items. For instance, “PACK001-T-SHIRT-004×6+T-SHIRT-006X6” could represent a bundle of multiple t-shirts.

4. Hierarchical SKU: These SKUs organize products into a hierarchy, making them useful in warehouses with extensive inventories. A hierarchical SKU might look like “PALLET RACKING-BEAM-XL-ORANGE-002,” indicating a specific type of racking beam.

5. Standard SKU: This general category encompasses various SKUs used across different industries to track inventory consistently.

6. Component SKU: Refers to individual parts that make up a larger product or assembly, often used in manufacturing contexts.

7. Assembly SKU: Represents a complete product made from multiple components; it is often used in industries where products are assembled from various parts.

8. Bundle SKU: Similar to combined SKUs, these represent products sold together as a package but may not necessarily be fixed combinations.

9. Virtual SKU: Used for intangible products or services that do not have physical inventory but require tracking, such as warranties or digital goods (eg: SUBSCRIPTION-PREMIUM-12M).

Why SKUs are essential for eCommerce

To understand why SKUs are essential for eCommerce, you’ll need to understand the benefits associated with having a proper, efficient SKU system.

Better product & inventory management

Having a proper SKU system is the basis of good product management. With an SKU system in place, you can identify variants of the same product (such as color, size, season, etc) and learn which product item is less popular, and from which point, you can identify losses by reducing the carrying cost involved with overstocking.

This leads to the main benefit of SKU, which is inventory management. SKUs enable you to have a clearer picture of your stock levels and product movements, and using the information gathered, you can set triggers for initiating and stopping orders. This means being able to automatically file restock orders when an SKU reaches a threshold, and have your operations run almost entirely automated. 

Minimize theft & misplacements

By classifying and narrowing products down to their characteristic-level, it’s harder for a product item to go missing without being reflected on your backend.

Deeper insights

Simply by including SKUs in your invoices or receipts, you can analyze for yourself which SKUs are the well-doing ones, and which ones are considered slow-moving. This leads to an easier time of gathering sales performance data, as SKUs provide the consistency and accuracy that can’t be replaced by other means.

How to creat effective SKUs?

It’s up to you to manage your products, and the best way you can do this would be to have them digitally managed using an efficient SKU system in order to avoid unnecessary hassles down the road. Here are some essential rules for you to start with:

Have a clear coding scheme

Every good effective SKU system has a clear coding scheme, and yours should too. The coding scheme can be based on the brand of your products, color, size, or just anything that can tell your products apart.

And additionally, you’ll want to decide if you want your SKU codes to be long or short, as there are clear benefits to each.

For example, let’s take the below two products for example. Both are the same products but in different SKU codes.

From first glance, we can somewhat guess the meaning behind the long SKUs. They’re used to identify two Nike tee shirts: one is small (SML) and black (BLK), and the other is medium (MED) and blue (BLU). This naming scheme can be especially helpful when you spend a lot of time looking at stock in your online store, as there will be less cross-referencing required in order to identify the products.

Alternatively, if your SKUs are mostly required for the picking and packing process, it might be a good idea to keep your SKUs short, as there are fewer words needed to read out.

Avoid ambiguous & special characters

Characters that can be confused with numbers (e.g., 0 and O, L and I) are best avoided in order to further complexities. Special characters such as space (“ “) and dash (“_”) should also be avoided in order to ensure the best compatibility between systems. As a best practice, you should only use hyphens (“-”) to connect between product characteristics.

Follow an order of importance

Make sure that the most important characteristic of the product (e.g., brand name, grouping, etc) goes first in the SKUs. If your customers frequently look for a specific product attribute (such as color or size), it might be a good idea to put the preferred product attribute at the beginning of your SKUs, such as BLUE-TEE-MED-SC15 (blue tee shirt, with SC15 being the manufacturer code).

FAQs

Are SKU and barcode the same?

No, SKUs (Stock Keeping Units) are unique alphanumeric codes used internally by businesses to manage inventory, while barcodes are standardized graphical representations that can be scanned for universal product identification.

How to calculate SKU?

SKUs aren’t really calculated—they’re created by businesses based on what works best for their inventory. Usually, businesses will use details like the product type, size, and color to build the SKU.

What is the difference between SKU and stock code?

A SKU is a specific kind of stock code used internally to track inventory, while “stock code” can refer to a variety of coding systems, some of which are used by manufacturers or even outside vendors.

Is SKU the same as ASIN?

Not quite! An ASIN (Amazon Standard Identification Number) is a unique identifier used by Amazon for products sold on their platform. SKUs, on the other hand, are created by individual retailers to track their inventory.

Is a SKU a serial number?

No, SKUs aren’t serial numbers. SKUs are used to identify products in inventory, while serial numbers are specific to individual items, helping to distinguish one unit from another.

How do you identify the SKU?

You can usually find an SKU on product labels, price tags, or in inventory management systems where it helps businesses keep track of products.

Conclusion

Walking away from this article, the keyword that we can gather here is accuracy. If you want accuracy in your operations, an efficient SKU system is the one thing that you can’t do without, which is why every eCommerce store should have a proper SKU system in place, and yours shouldn’t be any different.