How to Create a Custom Module in Magento 2

What is Magento Module?

As you know, the module is a directory that contains blocks, controllers, models, helper, etc – that are related to a specific business feature.

In keeping with Magento’s commitment to optimal modularity, a module encapsulates one feature and has minimal dependencies on other modules.

Modules provide business features, with supporting logic, while themes strongly influence user experience and storefront appearance.

Module purpose

The purpose of each module is to provide specific product features by implementing new functionality or extending the functionality of other modules. Each module is designed to function independently, so the inclusion or exclusion of a particular module does not typically affect the functionality of other modules.

In Magento 2, modules will be live in app/code directory of a Magento installation, with this format: app/code/<Vendor>/<ModuleName>. Now we will follow these steps to create a simple module which work on Magento 2.

Create a Magento 2 module

1. Create the module folder.
2. Create the etc/module.xml file.
3. Create the registration.php file.
4. Run the bin/magento setup:upgrade script to install the new module.
5. Check that the module is working.

Let’s go through each of these steps in detail.

Step 1: Create the module folder

• There are two possible locations for modules in Magento 2: the app/code folder and the vendor folder

Depending on how Magento 2 has been installed, core modules can either be located in the vendor/magento/magento-*folders (for composer installation) or in the app/code/Magento/ folder (for cloning github).

• Which of these locations should you choose for your new module?

If you build a module for a specific project, it is best to choose the app/code folder and commit to the project’s repository.

If you build an extension to be reused, it is better to use composer to create it, and put your module in the vendor/<YOUR_VENDOR>/module-something folder.

Each module name in Magento 2 consists of two parts – the vendor and the module itself, so you need to define the vendor and module names. For this example, let’s name the vendor “Learning” and the module “FirstUnit”.

Let’s create the folder app/code/Learning and inside this folder place another folder: FirstUnit. If you’re using the command line, the code would be:

1. cd to the root folder
2. mkdir app/code/Learning
3. mkdirapp/code/Learning/FirstUnit

Make sure you have permission to create files and folders in your installation.

Step 2: Create the etc/module.xml file

This file is required for the module to exist and it contains the following information:

• Module name
• Module version
• Dependencies

Module name is defined by the folders we just created, because in Magento 2, class names must follow the folder structure. Because we created the folders Learning/FirstUnit, our module name will be Learning_FirstUnitand all classes that belong to this module will begin with Learning\FirstUnit – for example: Learning\FirstUnit\Observer\Test.

Module version indicates the current version of the database schema and data, and is used in upgrading. For example, assume you decide to modify a table’s schema in your module. How can you be sure that this change will happen on all instances where the code is deployed? Altering the database by direct SQL queries won’t work. Instead, Magento 2 has install and upgrade scripts in every module (optionally). These scripts contain commands to modify the database schema or data. To track whether to execute a script or not, Magento 2 uses module versions. Every time you implement a new database change, you implement a new version of a module and change the corresponding module.xml. Magento saves the current module’s version in a database, and if the database value and the one in the module.xml do not match, it will execute the upgrade code.

Dependencies. If one module depends on another, the module.xml file will have a special declaration that defines a list of modules that the current module depends on. For this example, we will make our module dependent on Magento_Catalog.

Using the following command-line code, create the folder app/code/Learning/FirstUnit/etc:

mkdir app/code/Learning/FirstUnit/etc

Then create an XML file with the following content:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:Module/etc/module.xsd">
    <module name="Learning_FirstUnit" setup_version="0.0.1">
        <sequence>
            <module name="Magento_Catalog" />
        </sequence>
    </module>
</config>

Note that in the XML file we specified:

• Module name: Learning_FirstUnit (based on the folders we created)
• Version: 0.0.1 (initial version of our module)
• Dependency: Magento_Catalog. We could have multiple dependencies. In this case, we would put <module name=”..” /> nodes under the sequence node.

Step 3: Create the registration.php file

Each module must have this file, which tells Magento how to locate the module. Continuing our example, create the file app/code/Learning/FirstUnit/registration.php. Then put the following content into it:

<?php \Magento\Framework\Component\ComponentRegistrar::register(\Magento\Framework\Component\ComponentRegistrar::MODULE, 'Learning_FirstUnit', __DIR__);

The registration.php is a standardized file that follows the same pattern for all modules.

The only thing that varies is the module name, which in our case is Learning_FirstUnit.

Step 4: Run the “setup:upgrade” command

Running this command makes your new module active, notifying Magento of its presence.

php bin/magento setup:upgrade

It should echo a large amount of output, one line of which should be Learning_FirstUnit. Verify that this line of code is there.

Step 5: Check that the new module is active

So far, we haven’t added any useful code to our module – it is still empty (and therefore invisible). In order to verify that it has been recognized, check the file app/etc/config.php. It has a list of auto-generated modules that are active.

Never change this list manually!

cat app/etc/env.php | grep Learning_FirstUnit

Employing these steps, you can successfully create a new module in Magento 2.

Read more:
How to Deploy Static Content in Magento 2